1. 1.      Ask at least 10 adults if they have a living will or advance directives &  if they are organ donors

If they say NO explain that you are taking this class and if they are interested you will get them information on both or either subjects. BE CERTAIN YOU FOLLOW THROUGH IF THEY DO WANT INFORMATION

Complete The Following:

Totals  ___        ____                         yes ____ no ____                        yes ____ no ____

2.     Discuss family medical history and the importance of this with your mom or dad and check to see if there are significant illnesses (mental or physical) that you need to be aware of so that you can minimize your risk of developing the illness in your future.

• Have parent sign that you completed this assignment, do not bring in any information related to your family medical history this is private information.

Parent signature__________________________ Date ________________

3.     Make a specific plan to do something nice for someone in your family or neighborhood.

• Describe what you did, how the person responded to what you did and how you felt after you completed your plan.

4.     Investigate health related programs in your neighborhood and or church- list at least 3 programs that help improve physical or mental health of others in area.

5.     What type of health related programs do you think would be useful in your neighborhood?

• List at least 3 health programs that you believe people could benefit from.

6.     Bring in a current event article related to a heart health issue to share and discuss with a small group in class

7.     Ask 10 adults in your neighborhood, school, and church if they are certified in CPR

• How many are certified_________

Turn in one homework assignment each week

1.     Anemia -Inadequate red blood cell production

2.     Arteries – Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

3.     Atrium – Upper chambers of the heart

4.     Blood vessels -Sends blood from the heart to all the other parts of our bodies and back again

5.     Diastole -Ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria this makes up the second phase of the cardiac cycle

6.     Endothelium -The lining of the heart

7.     Heart – Key organ in the circulatory system, a muscular pump, main function is to propel blood throughout the body

8.     Hemophilia -Inherited condition that almost exclusively affects boys and involves a lack of particular clotting factors

9.     Leukemia -Cancer of the cells that produce white blood cells

10.     Mitral valve -Separates the left atrium and left ventricle

11.     Pericardium -Sac that surrounds the heart

12.     Platelets -Also called thrombocytes are tiny oval shaped cells made in the bone marrow, help with the clotting process

13.     Pulmonary circulation – A short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again

14.     Red blood cells -Shaped like slightly indented flattened disks; contain iron rich protein called hemoglobin.

15.     Septum- Wall that divides the heart into right and left sides

16.     Sickle cell anemia – Hereditary disease that results in production of abnormal hemoglobin the red blood cells become sickle shaped and cannot carry oxygen adequately

17.     Sinoatrial node- the hearts pacemaker

18.     Systemic circulation -(Arteries and veins) carry blood throughout our bodies

19.     Systole -Heart contracts and sends blood to pulmonary and systemic circulation

20.     Transfusion -Giving a person blood from someone else

21.     Tricuspid valve -Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

22.     Veins -Carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart

23.     Ventricles- Lower chambers of the heart

24.     White blood cells -Are key parts of body’s system for defending itself against infection

25.     Whole blood -Made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Layers of the heart

• Endocardium smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart
• Myocardium muscular middle layer of heart
• Pericardium double layered member or sac that covers the outside of the heart

OR

2. Write & illustrate a brief book about some historical facts related to medicine, this can be in cartoon format. At least 5 pages
OR

3. Find 5 articles either in the newspaper or on line related to current medical events, make a copy or cut it out of the newspaper and attach your written opinion about the article. Opinion must be a paragraph 3-5 sentences.

Ethics is:
 The study of values of how we ought to live
 Used interchangeably with morals and values (beliefs by which we live and make decisions
 Denotes systematic, rational reflection upon a particular behavior

5 cornerstones to ethical behavior

 Do what you say you will do
 Never divulge information given to you in confidence
 Accept responsibility for your mistakes
 Never become involved in a lie
 Avoid accepting gifts that compromise your ability to perform in the best interests of the organization
(Manske, 1987)

Culture, Ethnicity and Race

Culture
Values, beliefs, attitudes, languages, symbols, rituals, behaviors, and customs that are unique to a particular group of people and are passed from one generation to the next

Ethnicity
A classification of people based on nationality or biological characteristics such as color of skin, hair and eyes.

Cultural diversity
Differences based on culture, ethnic, and racial factors

Cultural assimilation
Absorption of culturally distinct group into a dominant or prevailing culture

Acculturation
Process of learning the beliefs and behaviors of a dominant culture and assuming some of the characteristics

Sensitivity
Ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others

Bias, prejudice, and stereotype

Bias
A preference that inhibits impartial judgment

Ethnocentric
Individuals who believe in the supremacy of their own ethnic group

Prejudice
A strong feeling a belief about a person a subject that is formed without facts or information

Stereotyping
Occurs when an assumption is made that everyone in a particular group is the same

Understanding cultural diversity

Holistic Care- Provides for the well-being of the whole person. Meets physical needs as well as social, mental and spiritual needs of the person

Nuclear family- consists of mother father and child (ren)

Extended family- includes the nuclear family plus grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins

Patriarchal – Father or oldest male in the authority figure

Matriarchal – Mother or oldest female is the authority figure

Personal space- Describes the distance people require to feel comfortable while interacting with others

Spirituality- Beliefs individuals have about themselves, their connections with others and their relationship with a higher power

Religion- Organized system of beliefs in a higher power

Atheist- A person who does not believe in any deity

Agnostic- Individual who believes that existence of God cannot be proved or disproved.

Government Agencies/ Healthcare Systems

 World Health Organization (WHO) is an international agency sponsored by the United Nations. It compiles statistics and information on disease, publishes health information and addresses serious health problems throughout the world.
 United States Department of Health & Human Services is a national agency that deals with the health problems in the United States.
 National Institute of Health (NIH) involved in research on disease, this is a division of DHHS.
 Center for Disease Control (CDC) is also a division of DHHS and it is concerned with cause, spread and control of diseases in populations
 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal agency responsible for regulation of food and drug products sold to the public.
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency that establishes and enforces standards that protect workers from job-related injuries and illnesses.
 Medicare provides health insurance for persons over 65 and persons with disabilities.
 Medicaid is a medical assistance program operated by individual states. This plan usually covers individuals with low incomes and children who qualify for public assistance, and individuals who are physically disabled or blind.

8000 BC Prehistoric medicine

q  Most of what we know comes from archaeologist who have excavated and explored ancient sites

q  Cave paintings and symbolic artifacts suggest the earliest humans believed in spirits and supernatural forces.

q  Shamans were men and women who would call upon the sprits to bring good hunting or heal the sick were possibly the first doctors.

q  Ancient skulls have been found with a hole bored into them trepanning possibly to allow the evil spirits to leave a sick person.

2000 BC ancient Egyptian medicine

q  Egyptians built pyramids to bury their Pharaohs and worshipped gods who ruled every aspect of their lives.

q  Had doctors who specialized in treating particular parts of the body as well as researching the properties of herbal medicines

q  Kept detailed records of the symptoms and treatments of illnesses formed some of the first medical textbooks

q  Religious beliefs dominated the ancient Egyptians view of healing. Believed illness was due to the presence of evil spirits or poisons. Prayer or pleasing the gods with gifts was the only way to cure the disease.

q  Ancient Egyptians had pharmacist who prepared prescriptions or ointments, potions, inhalers and pills by processing plant materials used to treat specific illnesses. Used opium, cannabis, linseed oil

q  Egyptians believed in an afterlife. They mummified the bodies of Pharaohs and important people

400 BC to 300 AD Greeks and Romans

q  Greece was home to one of the earliest civilizations

q  Tried to understand their world in more scientific way

q  Hippocrates philosopher, father of modern medicine possibly most famous name in medicine

q  Hippocratic oath still used today

q  Conventional thinking was that diseases were sent as punishment from gods, treatments aimed at pleasing the gods to get them to cure disease

q  Hippocrates went against this conventional thinking and looked on body as having a balance and the lack of balance led to disease.

q  Romans:

1. Conquered the Greeks and brought a lot of their ideas about healthcare into use across the Roman Empire.
2. Realized link between dirt and disease
3. Built aqueducts to supply clean water and sewers to remove waste

q  Galen a Greek physician dissected animals to find out how their bodies worked, it was illegal to dissect humans. His knowledge led to improved techniques in surgery and new instruments

500-1400 middle ages

q  Fall of the Roman Empire meant that many of public hygiene practices were soon lost

q  People without access to clean drinking water, regular bathing or sewage system-starvation and disease were common

q  Medicine dominated by religion, sickness believed punishment from God for sins committed must pray for forgiveness

q  Doctors’ usually religious scholars-traditional cures, using herbal remedies and potions were seen as witchcraft and outlawed by the church

q  Laws were developed that required training in order to practice medicine

q  1347 outbreak of bubonic plague (highly contagious pneumonia) considered punishment from God so nothing done to control rats that infested villages and towns carry the disease

NOTE: (Compare to modern day plague SARS severe respiratory syndrome. How would our interventions differ, how do our beliefs influence this?)

700-1500 Arabic medicines

q  After the fall of the Roman Empire Arabic world was center of scientific knowledge

q  Refined Hippocrates theories and Islamic physicians began to use the regulation of diet, exercise and prescription of medicinal herbs to treat patients

q  Large hospitals were involved in training and licensing doctors and pharmacists (in Europe medicine was still governed by religion and superstition)

q  Used anesthetics by soaking sponges in narcotic drugs and placing over patients nose

q  Book Laws of Medicine written by Ali al-Husayn great influence for hundreds of years

1400-1700 The Renaissance

q  Medicine dominated by the teachings of the church but physicians began to learn more about the human body, began to look at anatomy in a scientific and systematic way

q  Andreas Vesalius and Leonardo Da Vinci dissected human bodies and made the first anatomical drawings

q  Church did not permit dissection of “God fearing” bodies so it was often the bodies of criminals or “sinners” that were used, sometimes criminal was alive at beginning of dissection was a part of the punishment

q  William Harvey new theory heart acts as muscular pump circulated blood

q  New medicines developed, quinine & tobacco (thought to be medicinal at this time) laudanum an opium-based painkiller was used for many disorders

q  New continents explored and trade between different parts of the world increased & it allowed the global spread of disease

q  Bubonic plague moved along trade routes from china and killed more than a third of Europe’s population

q  Spanish colonized South America and brought smallpox which killed many native Aztecs and Incas

q  Majority of people too poor to be treated by trained doctors only major cities had hospitals

q  Surgical instruments were basic, drill, saw, forceps and pliers for removing teeth, if surgeon not available usually the local barber performed operations and removed teeth

1700-1900 18^th and 19^th centuries

q  Industrial revolution saw a massive change in where people lived moved from small villages and agricultural lifestyle to towns and cities that sprang up around the new factories, lived in dirty overcrowded conditions poor sanitation and drinking water

q  Disease such as cholera, tuberculosis, measles and pneumonia spread quickly and was life threatening

q  Two big medical advances vaccinations and x-rays

q  Van Leeuwenhoek made one of the earliest microscopes English scientist Hooke used this to observe cells for the first time 

q  Discoveries by Pasteur and Koch led to understanding that infections were caused by bacteria or germs.

q  Florence Nightingale, mother of modern day nursing worked in military hospital during Crimean war conditions were poor and 80% died from infections caught in the hospital. Florence Nightingale improved hygiene and dramatically reduced the infections in hospitals.

q  Edward Jenner pioneered earliest vaccinations for smallpox 200 years later the World Health Organization (WHO) started a vaccination program with the aim of eradicating smallpox. Smallpox estimated to have killed 500 million people in last century. Last documented case in Africa 1977. WHO announced the end of smallpox in 1980

NOTE: there are two highly guarded stocks of the virus in laboratories in the USA and Russia, preserved for research purposes

1900-2000 20^th Century

q  1928 Alexander Fleming using work that Joseph Lister had started in 1871 found that he could stop the growth of bacteria in the lab; he cultivated the pennicillium mould and investigated its properties on bacteria that caused diseases such as anthrax, meningitis and diphtheria

q  Fleming’s discovery was not fully developed until World War II when so many soldiers were dying from infections that 2 researchers at Oxford university were given the task of finding new medicines to treat wounded soldiers; grew large amounts of the penicillium mould and it was used to treat infections during the war

q  Before antibiotics a simple throat infection could easily spread to the lungs and throughout the body

NOTE: unnecessary use of antibiotics is leading to the evolution of strains of bacteria that are able to survive all but the most powerful antibiotics-SUPERBUGS especially in hospitals

q  Significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment to include improved surgical techniques and use of technology in medicine have increased the life span from 47 years old in 1901 to 77 years in 2000.

q  Vaccinations are now widespread and used to prevent diseases such as yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, chicken pox and rubella

q  Medical imagining has improved significantly since the first x-rays, magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) ultrasound, computer tomography (CAT scans) lead to early diagnosis and treatment increasing the rate of cures

q  DNA unlocking secrets held within our bodies

q  1^st heart transplant Dr. Christian Barnard 1967

q  1^st in vitro fertilization Louise Brown born July 25^th, 1978

21^st Century Predictions for the future

Cardiology

Polyarthritis

Echocardiogram

Lumpectomy

Electrocardiogram

Otoscope

Neuropathy

Hepatomegaly

Apnea

Hemiplegia

Gastrectomy

Craniotomy

Thoracotomy

dyspnea